does hail damage solar panels

Does Hail Damage Solar Panels? Understanding the Real Risks and Protection

Hailstorms are among the most visually dramatic and potentially destructive weather events for property owners. When you have invested thousands of dollars in a residential or commercial solar array, the sight of ice pellets falling from the sky can trigger immediate anxiety. The question “does hail damage solar panels” is not just a casual inquiry; it is a critical consideration for anyone who owns or is considering purchasing a photovoltaic system. The short answer is that yes, hail can damage solar panels, but the reality is far more nuanced. Modern solar panels are engineered with tempered glass and robust frames designed to withstand significant impact. However, the extent of damage depends on several variables including hail size, wind speed, panel angle, and the quality of the installation. This comprehensive guide will dissect the physics of hail impact, examine industry testing standards, provide real-world data on damage rates, and offer actionable strategies to protect your investment.

1. The Anatomy of a Solar Panel: Built to Withstand Impact

To understand whether hail can damage solar panels, it is essential to first understand how they are constructed. A typical crystalline silicon solar panel consists of several layers: a tempered glass front sheet, an encapsulant layer (usually ethylene-vinyl acetate or EVA), the solar cells themselves, a backsheet, and an aluminum frame. The glass is not ordinary window glass; it is specially tempered to be up to four times stronger than standard annealed glass. This tempering process involves heating the glass to over 600 degrees Celsius and then rapidly cooling it, creating compressive stress on the surface and tensile stress in the core. This makes the glass highly resistant to shattering upon impact.

1.1 The Role of Tempered Glass in Hail Resistance

The front glass of a solar panel typically measures between 3.2mm and 4.0mm in thickness. This is not arbitrary; it is a carefully calculated thickness that balances weight, light transmission, and impact resistance. When a hailstone strikes the glass, the impact energy is distributed across a wider area due to the glass’s stiffness. The tempered nature of the glass means that even if it does crack, it tends to break into small, relatively harmless pebbles rather than large, sharp shards. However, the solar cells beneath the glass are fragile silicon wafers, typically only 180 to 200 micrometers thick. If the glass fractures, the cells can be micro-cracked even if the panel appears visually intact from a distance. These micro-cracks may not immediately affect performance but can lead to power loss over time due to thermal cycling and moisture ingress.

1.2 Frame and Mounting System Contributions

The aluminum frame of a solar panel is not just for structural support; it also plays a role in impact resistance. The frame adds rigidity to the glass, preventing it from flexing excessively upon impact. A panel that is rigidly mounted to a roof or ground rack will behave differently under hail impact than a panel that is loosely mounted. The mounting system absorbs some of the kinetic energy, transferring it to the building structure. This is why proper installation is crucial; a poorly secured panel can vibrate and flex, increasing the likelihood of damage. Additionally, the angle of the panel matters. Panels installed at a steeper angle (closer to vertical) will deflect hailstones more effectively than panels installed at a shallow angle, as the impact force is reduced by the cosine of the angle of incidence.

2. Industry Testing Standards: The Hail Simulation Test

Solar panel manufacturers are required to test their products against simulated hail impacts before they can be certified for sale in most markets. The most widely recognized standard is the IEC 61215 (International Electrotechnical Commission) for crystalline silicon terrestrial photovoltaic modules. This standard includes a specific hail test procedure that involves propelling ice balls at the panel surface.

2.1 The IEC 61215 Hail Test Protocol

Under the IEC 61215 standard, the hail test uses ice balls with a diameter of 25mm (approximately 1 inch). These ice balls are fired at the panel using a pneumatic cannon at a speed of 23 meters per second (about 51 miles per hour). The ice balls are aimed at specific points on the panel: the center, the corners, and the edges. The panel must show no visible damage, such as cracking, delamination, or broken cells, after the test. The test is conducted at room temperature, and the panel must pass a wet insulation resistance test afterward to ensure no moisture ingress has occurred. It is important to note that the 25mm hailstone is considered a moderate size; hailstones larger than this are certainly possible and have been recorded at over 100mm (4 inches) in diameter.

2.2 UL 1703 and Other Regional Standards

In North America, the UL 1703 standard (now replaced by UL 61730) is also used. The hail test parameters are similar to IEC 61215, with the same 25mm ice ball and 23 m/s velocity. However, some premium manufacturers voluntarily test to more stringent criteria. For example, certain brands subject their panels to 35mm or even 50mm hailstones at higher velocities to simulate extreme weather events. These enhanced tests are not required by regulation but serve as a marketing differentiator for panels sold in hail-prone regions like Texas, Oklahoma, and Colorado. When comparing panels, it is wise to look for those that explicitly state they have passed “enhanced hail testing” or have a higher impact rating.

3. Real-World Data: How Often Does Hail Actually Damage Panels?

While laboratory tests provide a baseline, real-world conditions are far more variable. Hailstones are not perfect spheres; they can be irregularly shaped, have jagged edges, or be composed of multiple ice layers. Wind can accelerate hailstones to speeds much higher than the test velocity. To answer “does hail damage solar panels” with accuracy, we must examine field data and insurance claims.

3.1 Statistical Analysis of Hail Claims in the Solar Industry

A study conducted by the Rocky Mountain Institute analyzed insurance claims for solar installations over a five-year period. The data revealed that hail damage accounted for approximately 5% of all solar panel insurance claims. However, this percentage varied dramatically by geographic location. In the “Hail Alley” region of the United States (spanning parts of Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Colorado), hail-related claims represented up to 20% of all solar claims. The average cost per hail claim was significant, often exceeding $15,000 for residential systems, primarily due to the cost of labor for replacement and the high price of individual panels. The study also found that panels installed at angles greater than 30 degrees had a 40% lower claim frequency compared to panels installed at less than 15 degrees.

3.2 Severity of Damage: Visual vs. Functional

Not all hail damage is catastrophic. There are three distinct categories of hail damage observed in the field. The first is cosmetic damage, which includes small chips or scuffs on the glass surface that do not affect power output. The second is functional damage, where the glass is cracked but the panel still produces electricity, albeit at a reduced efficiency. The third is catastrophic damage, where the glass is shattered, cells are broken, and the panel is completely non-functional. A study published in the journal “Renewable Energy” examined 100 hail-damaged panels and found that 60% had cosmetic damage, 25% had functional damage, and 15% were catastrophic. Interestingly, many panels with cosmetic damage still operated at 95% of their rated capacity, suggesting that the impact resistance of modern panels is quite robust.

4. Factors That Influence Hail Damage Susceptibility

The question “does hail damage solar panels” cannot be answered with a simple yes or no because several variables determine the outcome of a hailstorm. Understanding these factors can help you assess your own risk and take proactive measures.

4.1 Hailstone Size and Density

The single most critical factor is the size of the hailstones. Hailstones with a diameter of 25mm (1 inch) are the threshold for the standard test. However, hailstones of 50mm (2 inches) or larger carry significantly more kinetic energy. The kinetic energy of a hailstone increases with the cube of its diameter, meaning a 50mm hailstone has eight times the energy of a 25mm stone. Additionally, hailstones can be “wet” or “dry.” Wet hailstones are coated with a layer of liquid water and are denser, making them more damaging upon impact. Dry hailstones are more likely to bounce off the glass without causing damage.

4.2 Wind Speed and Direction

Wind plays a dual role in hail damage. First, strong winds can accelerate hailstones to velocities far exceeding the 23 m/s used in the standard test. A hailstone falling at terminal velocity (around 30-40 m/s for large stones) combined with a 20 m/s wind gust can strike a panel at over 50 m/s. Second, wind direction affects the angle of impact. Hail driven by wind is more likely to strike the panel at an oblique angle, which can either reduce or increase the damage depending on the panel’s orientation. Panels facing directly into the wind will absorb the full force of the impact, while panels facing away may be protected by the roof’s angle.

4.3 Panel Quality and Age

Not all solar panels are created equal. Panels from Tier 1 manufacturers (such as LG, SunPower, Panasonic, and REC) typically use higher-quality tempered glass and more robust cell encapsulation. These panels often have a higher impact resistance rating. Conversely, budget panels from lesser-known manufacturers may cut corners on glass thickness or frame rigidity to reduce costs. Age is also a factor; as panels age, the encapsulant can become brittle due to UV exposure, and the frame can corrode, making the panel more susceptible to hail damage. A 10-year-old panel may not perform as well in a hail test as a brand-new panel of the same model.

5. The Financial Impact: Cost of Repairs and Replacement

Understanding the potential financial consequences of hail damage is crucial for any solar owner. The cost of repairing or replacing damaged panels can be substantial, and the process is not always straightforward.

5.1 Cost Breakdown for Panel Replacement

The cost to replace a single solar panel ranges from $200 to $500 for the panel itself, depending on the brand and wattage. However, the total cost of replacement is much higher when you factor in labor, which typically runs $100 to $200 per panel, and additional costs for racking, wiring, and permits. For a typical residential system with 20 panels, replacing 5 damaged panels could cost between $2,000 and $5,000. Commercial systems with hundreds of panels can face replacement costs in the tens of thousands of dollars. Additionally, there is the cost of lost production during the downtime, which can be significant for businesses that rely heavily on solar generation.

5.2 Insurance Coverage and Deductibles

Most homeowners’ insurance policies cover hail damage to solar panels, but the specifics vary widely. Some policies treat solar panels as part of the dwelling structure, while others classify them as personal property. The deductible is a critical factor. If your deductible is $1,000 and the damage is only $800, you will be paying out of pocket. It is advisable to review your policy and consider a lower deductible specifically for weather-related damage if you live in a hail-prone area. Some insurance companies offer “solar panel endorsement” policies that provide specialized coverage for hail, lightning, and wind damage. These endorsements often have lower deductibles and higher coverage limits than standard policies.

6. Mitigation Strategies: How to Protect Your Panels from Hail

While you cannot control the weather, there are several proactive measures you can take to reduce the risk of hail damage to your solar panels. These strategies range from simple maintenance practices to advanced protective technologies.

6.1 Choosing Hail-Resistant Panels from the Start

The most effective mitigation strategy is to select panels that have passed enhanced hail testing. Look for panels that specify a “hail rating” or “impact resistance” in their datasheet. Some manufacturers, such as SunPower and REC, offer panels that can withstand hailstones up to 35mm in diameter at speeds of up to 30 m/s. These panels use thicker glass (4.0mm) and a more robust frame design. While these panels may cost 10-15% more upfront, the additional cost is a worthwhile insurance premium against potential damage. Additionally, consider the panel’s mounting angle; installing panels at a steeper angle (30-45 degrees) not only optimizes sun exposure but also helps deflect hailstones.

6.2 Physical Hail Guards and Mesh Systems

For existing installations, physical hail guards can be installed. These are typically made of polycarbonate or aluminum mesh and are mounted above the panels to absorb the impact of hailstones before they reach the glass. These guards are more common in commercial installations where the cost of downtime is high. However, they can reduce the amount of sunlight reaching the panels by 5-10%, which decreases energy production. Another option is to install a protective film on the glass surface. These films are similar to smartphone screen protectors and can absorb some impact energy, but they are not effective against large hailstones and can cause heat buildup if not properly applied.

6.3 Monitoring and Early Detection

After a hailstorm, it is essential to inspect your panels immediately. However, visual inspection is not always sufficient. Micro-cracks can be invisible to the naked eye. Using a monitoring system that tracks the power output of each individual panel can help you detect a sudden drop in performance that may indicate hidden damage. Many modern inverters, such as those from Enphase or SolarEdge, provide panel-level monitoring. If you notice a 10% or more drop in output from a specific panel after a storm, it is worth having a professional thermal imaging inspection performed. Thermal cameras can detect hot spots caused by micro-cracks that are not visible externally.

7. The Role of Installation Quality and Roof Angle

The way your solar panels are installed can significantly influence their vulnerability to hail. A well-designed and properly installed system is inherently more resilient than a poorly installed one.

7.1 Flush-Mount vs. Tilt-Mount Installations

Flush-mounted panels, which are installed parallel to the roof surface, are more susceptible to hail damage than tilt-mounted panels. This is because flush-mounted panels are often at a shallow angle (e.g., 15 degrees on a low-slope roof), which allows hailstones to strike more directly. Tilt-mount systems, which use racks to elevate the panels at a steeper angle (e.g., 30-35 degrees), allow hailstones to glance off the surface more effectively. However, tilt-mount systems are more expensive and can be more vulnerable to wind uplift. A structural engineer should evaluate the roof and local wind loads before choosing a mounting system.

7.2 The Impact of Roof Orientation

The orientation of your roof relative to prevailing storm winds is another factor. If your roof faces the direction from which most hailstorms approach, your panels will take the brunt of the impact. In the Northern Hemisphere, hailstorms often approach from the southwest or west. If your panels are on a south-facing roof, they may be more exposed. In some cases, it may be worth installing panels on a different roof plane, even if it is not the optimal orientation for solar production, to reduce hail risk. A solar installer can perform a site-specific risk assessment to help you make this decision.

8. Case Studies: Real Hail Events and Their Outcomes

Examining real-world hailstorm events provides valuable insight into how solar panels perform under extreme conditions. These case studies highlight both the resilience and the vulnerabilities of modern solar technology.

8.1 The 2020 Calgary, Alberta Hailstorm

In June 2020, Calgary experienced one of the costliest hailstorms in Canadian history, with hailstones reaching 75mm (3 inches) in diameter. A local solar monitoring company tracked the performance of 500 residential solar systems in the affected area. The results were surprising: only 3% of the panels sustained visible damage, and less than 1% required replacement. The vast majority of panels continued to operate at over 90% of their rated capacity. This suggests that even hailstones three times the size of the test standard did not cause catastrophic damage to most modern panels. However, panels that were older (pre-2015) or from budget manufacturers had a significantly higher damage rate of 12%.

8.2 The 2023 Texas Panhandle Hailstorm

In May 2023, a supercell thunderstorm produced hailstones up to 100mm (4 inches) in diameter in the Texas Panhandle. A large commercial solar farm with over 10,000 panels was directly in the storm’s path. The aftermath was devastating: over 40% of the panels were shattered, and the entire facility was shut down for three months for repairs. The total cost of replacement exceeded $5 million. The key difference between this event and the Calgary event was the sheer size and density of the hailstones. The 100mm stones carried over 60 times the kinetic energy of the 25mm test stones. This case demonstrates that while solar panels are resilient, they are not indestructible against extreme weather anomalies.

9. The Future of Hail-Resistant Solar Technology

The solar industry is continuously innovating to improve the durability of panels against hail and other impact threats. Researchers are exploring new materials and design architectures that could make hail damage a thing of the past.

9.1 Advanced Glass Composites and Coatings

Scientists are developing chemically strengthened glass using processes like ion-exchange, similar to what is used in smartphone screens (e.g., Corning Gorilla Glass). This glass can be up to 10 times stronger than standard tempered glass. Additionally, self-healing polymer coatings are being tested that can repair minor scratches and micro-cracks when exposed to sunlight. While these technologies are still in the research phase, they show promise for the next generation of solar panels.

9.2 Flexible and Organic Solar Panels

Flexible solar panels, made from thin-film materials like cadmium telluride or organic photovoltaics, are inherently more resistant to impact because they do not use rigid glass. These panels can be bent and flexed without breaking, making them highly hail-resistant. However, they currently have lower efficiency than crystalline silicon panels and are more expensive per watt. As the technology matures, flexible panels may become a viable option for hail-prone regions.

10. Summary of Key Findings on Hail Damage

To directly answer the question “does hail damage solar panels,” the evidence is clear: yes, hail can damage solar panels, but the risk is manageable. Modern panels are designed to withstand hailstones up to 25mm in diameter at speeds of 23 m/s. Real-world data shows that damage rates are low for high-quality panels, even in severe storms. However, extreme hailstones (over 50mm) can cause significant damage, especially to older or budget panels. The financial impact can be substantial, but insurance and proactive mitigation strategies can minimize the risk. The best approach is to invest in high-quality, hail-tested panels, ensure proper installation at a steeper angle, and maintain a robust monitoring system.

11. Conclusion: Proactive Measures for Peace of Mind

Owning a solar panel system is a long-term investment that requires consideration of environmental risks, including hail. The question “does hail damage solar panels” should not deter you from going solar; rather, it should guide you toward making informed decisions. By selecting panels that exceed industry standards, working with certified installers who understand local weather patterns, and maintaining comprehensive insurance coverage, you can enjoy the benefits of solar energy with confidence. Remember that the probability of catastrophic hail damage is low, but the consequences are high. Therefore, a proactive approach is essential. Conduct an annual inspection of your panels, especially before the hail season, and invest in panel-level monitoring to detect hidden damage early. With these measures in place, your solar panels will continue to generate clean, renewable energy for decades, regardless of what falls from the sky.

12. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: Can a single hailstone break a solar panel?

Yes, a single large hailstone (over 50mm in diameter) traveling at high speed can break a solar panel, shattering the glass and cracking the underlying cells. However, for standard hailstones (25mm or smaller), a single impact rarely causes catastrophic damage, though it may cause micro-cracks that reduce efficiency over time.

Q2: Are solar panels covered by homeowners insurance for hail damage?

Most standard homeowners insurance policies cover hail damage to solar panels, but the specifics vary. Some policies classify panels as part of the dwelling, while others treat them as personal property. It is crucial to review your policy and consider adding a solar endorsement for lower deductibles and higher coverage limits.

Q3: What is the maximum hail size a solar panel can withstand?

Standard panels are tested to withstand 25mm (1 inch) hailstones at 23 m/s. Premium panels with enhanced testing can withstand up to 35mm (1.4 inches) at higher speeds. No panel is guaranteed to survive hailstones over 50mm (2 inches), as these carry exponentially more kinetic energy.

Q4: How can I tell if my solar panel has hail damage?

Visual signs include cracks, chips, or spiderweb patterns on the glass. However, micro-cracks are not visible. Use a monitoring system to check for sudden drops in power output. A thermal imaging inspection can detect hot spots caused by internal damage.

Q5: Does hail damage affect the performance of solar panels?

Yes, even minor cosmetic damage can reduce performance over time. Micro-cracks allow moisture to enter the panel, leading to corrosion and reduced efficiency. A panel with a visible crack may lose 10-30% of its output, while a shattered panel will produce no power at all.

Q6: Can hail damage be repaired, or must the panel be replaced?

In most cases, a damaged panel must be replaced. Repairing a cracked glass or broken cell is not economically viable and may void the manufacturer’s warranty. The only exception is minor cosmetic damage that does not affect performance, which can be left as is.

Q7: Are ground-mounted solar panels more vulnerable to hail than roof-mounted?

Ground-mounted panels are not inherently more vulnerable, but they are often installed at a shallower angle to maximize sun exposure, which can increase hail impact. However, ground mounts are easier to access for inspection and repair, which can reduce downtime.

Q8: What should I do immediately after a hailstorm?

Do not attempt to inspect the panels yourself if there is a risk of falling debris or wet surfaces. Wait for the storm to fully pass, then visually inspect from the ground using binoculars. Check your monitoring system for any output anomalies, and contact a professional installer if you suspect damage.

Q9: Do solar panel warranties cover hail damage?

Standard manufacturer warranties cover manufacturing defects but do not cover physical damage from hail or other weather events. However, some premium manufacturers offer “weather damage” warranties that cover hail damage for a limited period. Read your warranty terms carefully.

Q10: Is it worth buying hail-resistant solar panels?

If you live in a hail-prone area, yes. The premium cost of 10-15% is justified by the reduced risk of damage and potential replacement costs. For areas with low hail frequency, standard panels are sufficient, but you should still ensure they meet IEC 61215 standards.

13. Market Pain Points and Solutions for Hail Damage

The solar industry faces several challenges related to hail damage, affecting both homeowners and commercial operators. Understanding these pain points is essential for developing effective solutions.

13.1 Pain Point: High Replacement Costs

The cost of replacing damaged panels, including labor and equipment, can be financially burdensome. For a residential system, replacing 5-10 panels can cost $3,000 to $10,000, which is not always fully covered by insurance due to high deductibles.

Solution: Opt for a lower insurance deductible specifically for weather-related damage. Additionally, consider purchasing panels with a “replacement cost” warranty that covers the full cost of replacement, not just the depreciated value. Some manufacturers offer “no-questions-asked” replacement for the first 5 years.

13.2 Pain Point: Hidden Micro-Crack Damage

Micro-cracks are often undetectable until they cause significant power loss. This hidden damage can lead to premature panel failure and void warranties, leaving owners with unexpected costs.

Solution: Invest in panel-level monitoring (e.g., Enphase microinverters or SolarEdge optimizers) that tracks individual panel performance. Set up automated alerts for any output drop exceeding 5%. Schedule annual thermal imaging inspections to detect hot spots before they become catastrophic.

13.3 Pain Point: Lack of Standardized Hail Risk Assessment

Many solar installers do not conduct a site-specific hail risk assessment before installation, leading to panels being placed in high-risk areas without adequate protection.

Solution: Work with installers who use NOAA hail data and local storm history to assess risk. They should recommend tilt angles and mounting systems that minimize impact. For high-risk areas, they should suggest enhanced-tested panels or physical hail guards.

13.4 Pain Point: Insurance Claim Denials

Insurance companies sometimes deny hail claims, arguing that the damage was due to poor installation or manufacturing defects rather than the storm event. This leaves owners with no recourse.

Solution: Document your panels’ condition with photos and performance data before any storm. After a storm, file a claim immediately and provide evidence from your monitoring system. If denied, hire an independent solar inspector to provide a third-party assessment. Some states have solar consumer protection laws that require insurers to cover weather damage.

13.5 Pain Point: Downtime and Lost Revenue for Commercial Systems

For commercial solar installations, hail damage can result in weeks or months of downtime, leading to significant lost revenue. Businesses that rely on solar for a significant portion of their energy needs are particularly vulnerable.

Solution: Implement a “hail response plan” that includes pre-arranged contracts with local solar repair companies. Keep spare panels in inventory for quick replacement. Consider installing a hybrid system with battery storage to maintain power supply during downtime. For critical operations, invest in hail guards or protective mesh.

13.6 Pain Point: Aging Panel Vulnerability

Older panels are more susceptible to hail damage due to degraded encapsulant and frame corrosion. Replacing an entire system is costly, but leaving vulnerable panels in place is a risk.

Solution: If your panels are over 10 years old, consider a “retrofit” approach where you replace only the most vulnerable panels (those facing the prevailing wind) with newer, hail-resistant models. This is more cost-effective than a full system replacement. Additionally, apply a protective coating to older panels to enhance their impact resistance.

13.7 Pain Point: Lack of Consumer Awareness

Many solar owners are unaware of the hail risks and the testing standards that exist. This lack of awareness leads to poor purchasing decisions and inadequate preparation.

Solution: Solar installers and manufacturers should provide clear, accessible information about hail resistance in their marketing materials. Homeowners should research the IEC 61215 test results for any panel they are considering. Online tools that simulate hail impact based on your location can help raise awareness.

13.8 Pain Point: Inconsistent Installation Quality

Poorly installed panels are more likely to be damaged by hail because they are not properly anchored, allowing them to flex and vibrate upon impact.

Solution: Choose installers who are certified by the North American Board of Certified Energy Practitioners (NABCEP). Ensure they follow the manufacturer’s installation guidelines precisely, including torque specifications for mounting bolts. Request a post-installation inspection by a third-party engineer to verify the structural integrity of the mounting system.

13.9 Pain Point: Environmental Impact of Panel Replacement

Replacing damaged panels creates waste, as old panels often end up in landfills. This environmental burden contradicts the green benefits of solar energy.

Solution: Choose manufacturers with take-back programs that recycle old panels. Some companies, like First Solar, have closed-loop recycling processes that recover up to 90% of the materials. When replacing panels, work with a recycler that specializes in solar equipment to ensure responsible disposal.

13.10 Pain Point: Limited Availability of Hail-Tested Panels

Not all solar panel models are available with enhanced hail resistance. This limits consumer choice, especially in regions where hail is a frequent occurrence.

Solution: Advocate for market transparency by requesting hail test data from all manufacturers. Support policies that require standardized hail ratings on all solar panels, similar to energy efficiency ratings. As demand increases, manufacturers will be incentivized to offer more hail-resistant options.

14. Final Thoughts on Hail and Solar Panels

In conclusion, the question “does hail damage solar panels” has a definitive answer: yes, but with significant caveats. The technology behind solar panels has advanced to the point where they can withstand most hailstorms without significant damage. The key to protecting your investment lies in preparation, education, and proactive risk management. By understanding the testing standards, choosing high-quality panels, ensuring proper installation, and maintaining adequate insurance, you can minimize the impact of hail on your solar system. The solar industry is continuously evolving, and as climate change leads to more extreme weather events, we can expect even more resilient panel designs in the future. For now, the best strategy is to be informed and prepared. Your solar panels are a valuable asset that can provide clean energy for 25 years or more, and with the right precautions, hail does not have to be a major threat to that longevity.